Basic definitions of Ecology, level of organization:
1. Which of the following describes the “Environment” correctly?
a. Interactions among the biotic and abiotic factors
b. Non-living physical elements
c. Biotic & abiotic components in an area
d. Biotic interactions among themselves on one hand & with that of surroundings on the other.
2. Consider the following pairs
| Term | Example |
1 | Community | Lions, Zebras, antelopes, acacia trees, grasses etc. in a grassland ecosystem |
2 | Population | A pack of wolves living in an area |
3 | Organism | Wild cat |
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1, 2 and 3
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1 and 3 only
3. Biosphere is
a. The complete components of Atmosphere, hydrosphere and Lithosphere.
b. Life supporting portions of the Earth
c. The sphere which occupies the maximum volume of all the spheres
d. Surrounding to the living beings on the planet
4. Which of the following conceptual sphere of the environment is having the least storage capacity for matter?
a. Atmosphere
b. Lithosphere
c. Hydrosphere
d. Biosphere
5. Consider the following levels of Ecology/examples thereof.
1. Taiga or coniferous biome
2. A pack of wild dogs
3. Homo sapiens
Arrange the above level of organization into the order of simple to complex?
a. 2, 3 & 1
b. 1, 2 & 3
c. 3, 2 & 1
d. 2, 1 & 3
6. Which one of the following is the best description of the term “ecosystem”?
a. A community of organisms interacting with one another
b. That part of the Earth which is inhabited by living organisms
c. A community of organisms together with the environment in which they live.
d. The flora and fauna of a geographical area.
7. Consider the following pairs:
| Term | Meaning |
1 | Ecology | Scientific study of interactions among the biotic components & with that of abiotic environment. |
2 | Autecology | the ecological study of whole plant or animal communities. |
3 | Syn-ecology | the ecological study of a particular species. |
Which of the above are correctly matched?
a. 2 & 3 only
b. 1 only
c. 1, 2 and 3
d. 3 only
8. Consider the following statements on “Biome”
1. Most of the biomes have different climatic conditions
2. It represents more or less similar kind of communities across the continents
3. The biome is named after a dominant representative community
Which of the above statements are correct?
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1, 2 and 3
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1 and 3 only
9. Consider the following pairs:
| Term | Meaning |
1 | Endemic species | Asiatic Lion |
2 | Key stone species | Tiger in Mudumalai Forest |
3 | Critical link species | Zooxanthelle alga in a coral |
Which of the above are correctly matched?
a. 2 & 3 only
b. 1 only
c. 1, 2 and 3
d. 3 only
10. Consider the following statements
1. Population of a species share common genetic pool & live in similar climatic conditions
2. Natural selection happens at population level
Which of the above statement/s is/are correct?
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. Both 1 and 2
d. Neither 1 nor 2
11. The location/habitat & functional role of an organism in the ecosystem is known as
a. Niche
b. Habitat
c. Interaction
d. Competition
12. Consider the following types of Niches
1. Habitat or spacial niche
2. Nutrition or Food niche
3. Reproductive or nesting niche
4. Abiotic or physical and chemical niche
5. Competition Niche
Which of the above niches are required for a happy living of a species in its Ecosystem?
a. All of them
b. 1, 2, 3 and 4 only
c. 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
d. None of the above
ECOSYSTEM
13. An ecosystem consists of
a. Green plants and animals
b. Green plants and decomposers
c. Producers and consumers
d. Green plants, animals, decomposers and abiotic environment
14. Driving force/ultimate source of Energy in an ecosystem is
a. Plants
b. Producers
c. Solar energy
d. Biomass energy
15. A pond or lake is an example of:
a. A biome
b. A natural ecosystem
c. An artificial ecosystem
d. A community of plants and animals only
16. Plankton, Nektons and benthos are NOT the components of one of ecosystems given below. Identify the same.
a. Oceans
b. Fresh water rivers
c. Tundra
d. Pond/lake ecosystem
17. Which of the following options describes the oceanographic phenomenon that involves wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water from deep water towards the ocean surface, replacing the warmer, usually nutrient-depleted surface water?
a. Circulation of nutrients
b. Up-welling
c. Down-welling
d. Warming of the Seas/Oceans
18. Which of the following is NOT a function of Ecosystem?
a. Energy flow through the food chain
b. Stratification of biotic components
c. Nutrients recycling
d. Feedback control mechanisms
Ecosystem: Types, Food chain, Food web & other concepts
19. Consider the following statements
1. Energy flown in an ecosystem is uni-directional
2. The pyramid of Energy in an ecosystem is always upright
Which of the above statement/s is/are true?
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. Both 1 and 2
d. Neither 1 nor 2
20. In a pyramid of numbers of grassland ecosystem, the largest population is that of
a. Herbivores
b. Carnivores
c. Secondary consumers
d. Producers
21. Consider the following statements
1. The pyramid of number and biomass in Grassland ecosystem
2. The pyramid of parasitic food chain.
3. The pyramid of Energy in all Ecosystems
4. The pyramid of numbers in Aquatic ecosystem
5. The pyramid of biomass in Aquatic ecosystem
In which of the above cases, there is a possibility of inverted pyramids?
1 and 3
2 & 5 only
1, 2 and 3
2 and 3 only
22. Which of the following tropic levels/stages correctly represent parasite food chain?
a. Green tree…. Birds…Parasites…Hyper parasites
b. Green tree…. Birds…Hyper parasites…Parasites
c. Green tree …Hyper parasites…. Birds …Parasites
d. None of the above
23. Which of the following represent the food chain of a system where Blue Whale is top consumer?
a. Phytoplankton…Zooplankton…Fishes…. Blue whale
b. Plankton…. Fish…. Blue whale
c. Plankton…Krill...Blue whale
d. Plankton…Fish…Shark…Blue Whale
24. Which one of the following is an abiotic component of the ecosystem?
a. Bacteria
b. Plants
c. Humus
d. Fungi
25. Consider the following activities
1. Catabolism
2. Fragmentation
3. Humification
4. Mineralization
Arrange the above activities in detritus food chain in their order of their occurrence.
a. 1, 2, 3 & 4
b. 2, 3, 4 & 1
c. 2, 1, 3 & 4
d. 1, 2, 3 & 4
26. Consider the following pairs
Ecosystem | Limiting factor | |
1 | Aquatic Ecosystem | Light & Oxygen |
2 | Grasslands | Wild fires and moisture |
3 | Desert | Water/rainfall |
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?
a. 1 & 2 only
b. 2 & 3 only
c. 1, 2 & 3
d. 1 & 3 only
27. Consider the following pairs
| Food chain | Type of food chain |
1 | Plants---Deer---Fox---Tiger | Predator Food chain |
2 | Detritus---Earthworm--Bacteria | Detritus/saprophytic food chain |
3 | Cow---Mites---Hyper parasites | Grazing Food chain |
Which of the above food chains are correctly matched with the examples?
a. 1 and 2
b. 1 and 3
c. 1, 2 and 3
d. 3 only
28. Which one the following food chains is correctly drawn?
a. Phytoplankton —» Zooplankton —» Fish
b. Zooplankton —» Phytoplankton —» Fish
c. Zooplankton —» Protozoans —» Fish
d. Grass —» Fish —» Zooplankton
29. Food webs are
a. Parallel food chains in different ecosystems
b. The biotic elements in an Ecosystem & their interaction with abiotic environment
c. Many interconnected food chains.
d. Linear arrangement of food chains
30. Consider the following pairs
| Biotic element | Meaning |
1 | Scavenger | A carnivore that feed on dead organisms |
2 | Detrivore | Detritus feeders |
3 | Omnivore | Consumer that eats plants and animals |
Which of the above food chains are correctly matched with the examples?
a. 1 and 2
b. 1 and 3
c. 1, 2 and 3
d. 3 only
31. Primary consumers in detritus food chain is
a. Herbivores
b. Bacteria and fungi
c. Detritus feeders such as annelids & nematodes
d. All of the above
32. Consider the following biotic components
1. Producers
2. Primary consumers
3. Secondary consumers
4. Decomposers
If you are required to identify top two most important biotic communities which are very essential for functioning of ecosystem, which of them will be chosen by you?
a. 1 and 4
b. 2 and 3
c. 2 and 4
d. 1 and 3
33. Which of the following are called as “converters” or “transducers” organisms in the food chain?
a. Herbivores
b. Carnivores
c. Producers
d. Decomposers
34. Consider the following aquatic ecosystems
1. Marine Ecosystem
2. Fresh water Ecosystem
3. Estuaries
Arrange the above aquatic ecosystems from the point of view of their productivity from lowest to the highest.
1, 2 and 3
3, 2 and 1
2, 1 and 3
3, 1 and 2
35. Which of the following conceptual components of the environment are effective transporters of matter?
a. Atmosphere and hydrosphere
b. Atmosphere and lithosphere
c. Hydrosphere and lithosphere
d. Lithosphere and biosphere
36. Zooplankton in the ocean/aquatic ecosystem are
a. Primary producers
b. Carnivores
c. Primary consumers
d. Secondary consumers
37. The green plants fix the potential energy in the form of organic food from the inorganic components in the presence of Sunlight in the process of “Photosynthesis”. Which of the following players would do the reverse action of releasing the fixed energy and release of in-organic materials back into the Environment?
a. Herbivores
b. De-composers
c. Detritovores
d. Both b and c
38. Consider the following players in the Ecosystem.
1. Green Plants
2. Algae and certain bacteria
3. Certain lower unicellular organisms with chlorophyll
4. Unicellular organisms those produce food by oxidation of inorganic elements
Which of the above constitute “Primary Producers” or Autotrophs in Ecosystem?
1 and 2 only
1, 2, 3 and 4
1, 2 and 3 only
None of the above
39. If all the plants die, all the animals also will die due to deficiency of
a. Oxygen
b. Excess of Carbon dioxide
c. Food
d. Timber
40. If all bacteria and fungi are destroyed or removed from the Earth, what will happen?
a. There will be no disease and death
b. Producers flourish in great numbers
c. Dead bodies and excreta will pile up
d. The life expectancy of human beings will grow up
41. Which of the following fix at least half of the total carbon dioxide fixation on earth by the process of photosynthesis?
a. Tropical Evergreen forests
b. Phytoplankton
c. Temperate grass lands
d. Taiga or coniferous forests
42. Which one of the following ecosystems has highest biomass?
a. Pond ecosystem
b. Lake ecosystem
c. Grassland ecosystem
d. Forest ecosystem
43. Consider the following statements
1. The Rate of conversion of light energy into chemical energy of organic molecules in an ecosystem is called as Gross Primary productivity
1. The Net Primary productivity exclude the rate of energy loss to metabolism and maintenance at each trophic level.
2. The flow of energy increases from the first trophic level/basal species to ultimate trophic level, i.e., top predator.
Which of the above statements are true?
a. 1 and 3 only
b. 1 and 2 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2 and 3
44. Consider the following statements
1. Coral reefs show the highest gross primary productivity in the aquatic ecosystem
2. Tropical rain forests have the highest primary productivity on the terrestrial ecosystem.
Which of the above statement/s is/are true?
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. Both 1 & 2
d. Neither 1 nor 2
Abiotic factors
45. Temperature is a major limiting factor for the distribution of animals. A majority of organisms are restricted to a narrow range of temperature, and are called as
a. Steno-thermal
b. Endo- thermal
c. Ecto-thermal
d. Eury-thermal
46. The water is one of the major biotic factors that influence life of the organisms. The salinity of inland water is less than 5% parts per thousand and ranges between 32-35 parts per thousand in the seawater. Animal distribution in aquatic bodies depends on their tolerance to this salinity. The animals which can tolerate wide range of salinity are called as
a. Steno-haline
b. Eury-haline
c. Osmo-regulators
d. Osmo-conformers
47. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is the amount of gaseous oxygen (O2) dissolved in the water, which is available for aquatic life. In this context, consider the following conditions
1. Number of the phytoplankton & green plants
2. Number of Zooplankton & aquatic animals
3. Dead & decaying organic matter in the water
Which of the above factors affect the quantum of DO available in the water bodies?
a. 1 & 2 only
b. 1 only
c. 2 only
d. 1, 2 & 3
Biotic Interactions
48. In ecological context, the herbivores are considered as
a. Hosts
b. Predators
c. Parasites
d. Commensals
49. Which of the following animals is categorized as a parasite in true sense?
a. The cuckoo/Koel lays its eggs in the crow’s nest
b. the female anopheles mosquito bites and sucks blood from the humans
c. human fetus developing inside the uterus and draws nourishment from the mother
d. head louse living on human scalp as well as laying eggs on human hair
50. The association between clown-fish and sea-anemone is the same as between:
a. Alga and fungus
b. Egret and grazing cattle
c. Cuscuta and higher plants
d. fig and wasp
51. Which one of the following is most appropriately defined?
a. Host is an organism which provides food to another organism
b. Amensalism is a relationship in which one species is benefited and the another is unaffected
c. predator is an organism that catches and kills other organism or food
d. parasite is an organism which always lives inside the body of another organism and may also kill it
52. Consider the following statements
1. An association of two species where one is benefited and other remain unaffected is called “Mutualism”
2. An inter-specific association where both partners derive benefit from each other is called “Commensalism”
3. A direct food relation between two species of animals in which one animal kills and feeds on the another is referred to as “Predation”
4. A relation between two species of organisms where both the partners are benefited from each other is called “Symbiosis”
Which of the above statement/s is/are true on the interdependence of species?
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 2 and 3 only
c. 3 and 4 only
d. 1 and 3 only
53. The hydrophytes or water plants exchange gases through
a. Lenticels
b. Stomata
c. Sunken stomata
d. General surface by diffusion
54. Most of the animals maintain “territory” and jealously defend it. What is the main reason for it?
a. Predation
b. Symbiosis
c. Parasitism
d. Competition
55. Many higher plants that are pollinated by insects, bats and birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. Here, the shape of the flowers & insects is evolved to suit one another reciprocally. The said association between entomophilous/insect attracting flower and pollinating agents is an example
a. Amensalism
b. Photo-cooperation
c. Co-evolution
d. Commensalism
56. A high density of tiger population in an ecosystem can result in
a. Mutualism
b. Intra-specific competition
c. Inter-specific competition
d. Predation on one another
57. A group of barnacles growing on the back of the whale is an example of
a. Mutualism
b. Parasitism
c. Amensalism
d. Commensalism
58. In a certain biotic interaction, two organisms of different species "work together," each benefiting from the relationship. The example of ox-pecker (a kind of bird) and the rhinoceros or zebra. Ox-peckers land on rhinos or zebras and eat ticks and other parasites that live on their skin. The ox-peckers get food and the beasts get pest control. Also, when there is danger, the ox-peckers fly upward and scream a warning, which helps the rhino or zebra. What is the name for this relationship between these two animal species?
a. Mutualism
b. Parasitism
c. Symbiosis
d. Commensalism
59. Consider the following statements
1. Symbiosis is an association between two species where both species benefit
2. The relationship in symbiosis is such that more or less the partners/symbionts would not be able to live separately
3. This kind of relationship is not possible between animals and plants
Which of the above statements are true on symbiosis?
1 and 2
2 only
1, 2 and 3
2 and 3 only
60. The shark is a very fast-moving fish and preys on big fish, seals etc. The sucker fish which has fastening sucker on its dorsal side and with the help of it attaches itself to the shark and get free transportation and eats the remnants of flesh falling-off from the mouth of shark. Name of this relationship from the options given below.
a. Mutualism
b. Parasitism
c. Symbiosis
d. Commensalism
61. Mycorrhiza represents an interaction between
a. Symbiotic association between Fungus and roots of flowering plants
b. Parasitic association between Algae and Fungi
c. Symbiotic association between Fungus and liverworts
d. Parasitic association between Fungi and roots of flowering plants
62. The Pioneers in Xerarch succession are
a. Crustose Lichen
b. Mosses
c. Foliose Lichen
d. Shrubs
63. In an ecosystem biotic factors interact with abiotic as well as other biotic factors. In this connection, see the following interactions
1. Competition for food and water
2. Competition for shelter
3. Co-operation in finding food and or communal hunting in top Carnivores
4. Acclimatization to the newly found environment
Which of the above are biotic factors those affect survival of an organism in the Ecosystem?
a. 1, 2 and 4
b. 1, 2 and 3 only
c. 2, 3 and 4
d. 1,2, 3 and 4
64. In terms of Ecology, what is the meaning of “competitive exclusion principle”.
a. Two species fighting for a same resource can co-exist, if other ecological factors remain constant
b. Two species fighting for a same resource can’t co-exist, if other ecological factors remain constant
c. Two species fighting for a same resource can co-exist, if other ecological factors are variable or keep on changing
d. Two species fighting for a same resource can’t co-exist, if other ecological factors are variable or keep on changing
Ecological succession
65. Consider the following statements
1. The development of a bare area without any life form is called as Nudation
2. The process of successful establishment of the species in a new area is called Ecesis.
Which of the above statement/s is/are true?
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. Both 1 and 2
d. Neither 1 nor 2
66. Consider the following statements on Ecological succession in aquatic ecosystem.
1. The aquatic body is replaced by a mature forest at the end of succession
2. The original aquatic plants continue to exist and live with climax stage
3. During the ecological succession, the aquatic animals would be replaced by land animals
4. The size and diversity of biotic community would be at its peak at the climax stage
Which of the above statements are true?
1, 2 and 3
1, 3 and 4
1, 2, 3 and 4
2, 3 and 4
67. Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?
| Name of the Seral stage | Place of ecological succession/Substratum |
a | Xero sere | Succession in a lake |
b | Halo sere | Succession in a fresh water lake |
c | Hydro sere | Succession on a bare rock |
d | Psammo sere | Succession on the sandy areas |
a. Phytoplankton--Rooted aquatic plants--free floating stage--Reed swamp stage—Sedge Meadow stage--Woodland stage--Climax forest
b. Phytoplankton--Rooted aquatic plants--free floating stage—Sedge Meadow stage-- Reed swamp stage--Woodland stage--Climax forest
c. Rooted aquatic plants-- Phytoplankton--free floating stage-- Woodland stage--Sedge Meadow stage--Reed swamp stage-- --Climax forest
d. Free floating stage-- Phytoplankton--Rooted aquatic plants--Sedge Meadow stage-- Reed swamp stage--Woodland stage--Climax forest
69. Which of the following order correctly describes succession in Xero sere?
a. Foliose lichen stage--Crustose lichen stage-- Moss stage--Herb stage--Shrub stage--Climax forest
b. Crustose lichen stage--Foliose lichen stage-Moss stage--Herb stage--Shrub Stage--Climax forest
c. Foliose lichen stage--Moss stage--Crustose lichen stage--Herb stage--Shrub stage--Climax forest
d. Crustose lichen stage--Foliose lichen stage-Moss stage-- Shrub stage Herb stage--Climax forest
70. Which of the following options correctly represent the correct order of the basic processes involved in the process of succession?
a. Nudation—Invasion—Competition—Co-action—Reaction—Stabilization
b. Nudation—Invasion—Competition—Reaction—Stabilization—Co-action
c. Nudation—Competition--Invasion—Co-action—Reaction—Stabilization
d. Invasion—Nudation--competition—Co-action—Reaction—Stabilization
71. The formation of a climax community from an abandoned farmland is an example of
a. Primary succession
b. Autogenic succession
c. Secondary succession
d. Allogeneic succession
72. Consider the following pairs
| Example | Type of Succession |
1 | Lichen starting life on a bare rock | Secondary Succession |
2 | Emergence of new grassland in place of burnt grassland | Primary succession |
3 | Tribals establishing a new village in a forest | Primary succession |
Which of the above stated pairs are correctly matched?
a. 2 and 3 only
b. 1, 2 and 3
c. 1 and 2 only
d. None of them
Bio-geochemical Cycles/Nutrient recycling in Environment
73. Consider the following incidents/activities
1. Thunder and lightening
2. Industrial manufacturing of urea and other nitrate fertilizers
3. Symbiotic relationship of Rhizobium bacteria and Legume plants
4. Action of denitrifying bacteria such as Pseudomonas
Which of the above activities decreases the elemental nitrogen from the atmosphere?
1 and 2
1, 2 and 3
2, 3 and 4
1, 2, 3 and 4
74. Consider the following statements
1. Accumulation of un-decomposed organic matter in the under surface of evergreen Forests
2. Formation of fossil fuels underground under pressure with the passage of time
3. Bio-degradation
4. Respiration of the plants
5. Photosynthesis of Green Plants
Which of the above activities release CO2 into the atmosphere?
1, 2, 4 and 5
3 and 4 only
3, 4 and 5 only
2, 3 and 4 only
75. Consider the following statements
Decomposition of dead and decaying organic matter in the soil
Respiration of plants and animals
Photosynthesis by phytoplankton and Green Plants
Burning of fuels
Which of the above activities require O2?
a. 1, 2 and 4
b. 2 and 4 only
c. 1 and 4 only
d. 2, 3 and 4
76. Consider the following pairs
| Nutrient | Major reservoir |
1 | Nitrogen | Lithosphere |
2 | Phosphorus | Earth Crust |
3 | Carbon | Ocean |
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 2 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 3 only
77. Consider the following statements
1. The cycle of nutrients in sedimentary cycles are very quick & withdrawals from the reservoirs is minimal.
2. The cycle of nutrients in gaseous cycles are very quick & withdrawals from the reservoirs is maximum.
Which of the above statement/s is/are correct?
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. Both 1 and 2
d. Neither 1 nor 2
78. Which of the following never release oxygen into the environment?
a. Phytoplankton
b. Crustacean copepods
c. Protists
d. Algae
79. Which of the following never use Oxygen in getting energy?
a. Anaerobic bacteria
b. Green Plants
c. Herbivores
d. Carnivores
80. Consider the following.
1. Transpiration
2. Evaporation
3. Percolation of water into the ground
4. Panting of the dogs/Sweating in mammals
Which of the above activities release water vapour into the atmosphere?
a. 1, 2, 3 and 4
b. 1, 2 and 4
c. 1, 3 and 4
d. 1, 2 and 3
81. Which of the following things activities do not unlock Phosphorus in the Earth Crust and make it available to the Green plants/Phytoplankton?
a. Weathering of the rocks
b. Decomposition of dead organic matter by the fungi & bacteria.
c. Seepage of phosphorus into the Ocean/water bodies through run-off
d. Application of phosphorus fertilizers in farm lands
82. Consider the following statements
1. Nitrogen (N2) fixing bacteria are either free living in the Environment or with the symbiotic relationship with the higher plants
2. Azolla, used as a biofertilizer because it has association with nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria Anabaena azollae.
Which of the above statement/s is/are correct?
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. Both 1 and 2
d. Neither 1 nor 2
Structure and adaptations of biotic elements in various Ecosystems
83. Consider the following pairs
| Type of adaptation | Example |
1 | Physiological adaptations | Migration |
2 | Morphological adaptations | Succulent stems in desert vegetation |
3 | Behavioral adaptations | Secretion of nectar to attract prey |
Which of the above stated pairs are correctly matched?
a. 2 only
b. 2 and 3 only
c. 1, 2 and 3
d. 1 and 2 only
84. The gradual physiological adjustment to slowly changing new environmental conditions is known as
a. Selection
b. Invasion
c. Acclimatization
d. Quarantine
Adaptations Mangrove or salt or marshy Ecosystems
85. Consider the following statements
1. Poorly developed water transport system/Xylem in Plants
2. Air filled cells or aerenchyma tissue
3. Roots serving mostly as anchoring purpose than water absorption
4. Floating seeds
In which of the following Ecosystem, the above stated adaptations are seen?
a. Mangrove ecosystem
b. Aquatic ecosystem
c. Desert Ecosystem
d. Taiga
86. Consider the following adaptations of plants
1. Deep or widespread roots with high salt content
2. Short life cycles of herbaceous plants
3. Small or no leaves.
4. Thick cuticle on the leaves & sunken stomata
Which of the above adaptations are found in the Desert vegetation?
1, 2 and 3
1, 2, 3 and 4
2, 3 and 4
1, 3 and 4 only
87. Consider the following adaptations in an ecosystem.
1. Nocturnal habit
2. Thick skin & hardly sweat
3. Excretion of concentrated urine
4. Large and touch lips
In which of the following Ecosystem, the animals exhibit the above stated adaptations?
a. Grassland Ecosystem
b. Desert Ecosystem
c. Mangrove Ecosystem
d. Forest Ecosystem
88. Consider the following adaptations of plants
1. Plants of remarkable salt tolerance
2. Pneumatophores or blind aerial roots for absorbing oxygen
3. Thick leaves with salt secreting glands
4. Adventitious roots or supporting roots arising from the aerial stem to support the plant
Which of the above adaptations are found in the Mangrove forest plants?
a. 1, 2 and 3
b. 1, 2, 3 and 4
c. 2, 3 and 4
d. 1, 3 and 4 only
Adaptations of biotic elements in Aquatic Ecosystem:
89. Consider the following characteristics
1. Animals either blind or produce light on their own (bio-luminescence)
2. Most of the animals are scavengers (Feeding on the dead organic matter)
3. No photosynthesis. Chemo-syntheses by the bacteria
Identify the ecosystem containing animals showing the adaptations mentioned above.
a. Pelagic ecosystem
b. Deep sea/benthic ecosystem
c. Pond ecosystem
d. Coral ecosystem
Adaptations of biotic elements in desert Ecosystem:
90. Vegetation of a geographic region with low rainfall, high temperature, loose and sandy soil is of the type called as
a. Saprophytes
b. Halophytes
c. Xerophytes
d. Hydrophytes
91. Consider the following statements about Kangaroo rat:
1. Powerful kidneys to excrete concentrated urine
2. Hardly drink water & get it primarily through their seed diet
3. They do not have sweat glands
4. Long hind-legs & tail aid in moving very fast & escape from the predators.
Which of the above are adaptations are existing in Kangaroo rat helping it to live effectively in its desert habitat?
a. All of them
b. All of them except 2
c. 1, 2 and 4 only
d. 1, 2 and 3 only
Adaptations of Plants and animals in a Forest Ecosystem
92. In which of the following ecosystems, the Succulents and Lianes/woody climbers, respectively found in
a. Desert & tropical ever green forests
b. Temperate deciduous forests and deserts
c. Tropical rain forests & Taiga
d. Tundra and Deserts
93. The Tropical deciduous forest trees shed their leaves to in Summer. What is the chief function of this adaptation?
a. Protection from the heat
b. Save energy
c. Enhance rate of photosynthesis
d. To reduce potential loss of water in summer.
Homeostasis in Ecosystem & at Individual species:
94. Consider the following statements
1. Generally, the cold-blooded animals or poikilotherms undergoes “aestivation” or Summer sleep to protect themselves against the adverse hot and dry conditions
2. The endotherms or warm-blooded animals undergo hibernation or winter sleep to tide over cold climate or food scarcity during winter.
3. In both the occasions, the animals slow down the heart rate, metabolic rate & use reserve food to continue living.
Which of the above statements are true?
a. 1 and 3
b. 1 and 2 only
c. 1, 2 and 3
d. 2 and 3 only
95. The mammals can thrive in the coldest Antarctica on one hand and in the hottest Sahara Desert and the other. The success of mammals is largely due to the fact that they are
a. conformers to the environment
b. regulators
c. partially regulators
d. partially conformers
96. Consider the following statements
1. The animals which suspend their body activities temporarily during the summer such as Bear are called as “hibernators”.
2. The animals which suspend their body activities temporarily during the winter such as fish and snails are called as “Aestivators”.
3. Most of the zoo-plankton in lakes and ponds entering a stage of suspended development in adverse conditions known as “diapause”
Which of the above statement/s is/are true?
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 3 only
c. 2 only
d. 1, 2 and 3
97. Which of the following statements describes the Allen’s rule?
a. Aquatic mammals have blubber as insulators
b. Mammals of colder climate have shorter extremities such as ears, nose and limbs
c. Mammals of humid and warmer regions have more melanin pigment in their skin
d. Mammals living in colder regions have larger bodies than those living in warmer regions
98. You are given a report on the physiological condition of some animals with the following characteristics
1. High number of red blood corpuscles (RBC) than their counterparts
2. Low threshold of binding capacity of the hemoglobin
3. Increase in the breathing rate.
Which of the following animals, according to you, would possess above characteristic features?
a. Mangrove animals
b. Aquatic Animals
c. Animals living in high altitudes
d. Animals living in the low altitudes
99. What will happen if the communities of primary consumers/herbivores exceed the carrying capacity of an ecosystem?
a. Overgrazing and consequent erosion of soil
b. The herbivore populations grow steadily
c. Carnivore population will go down
d. The decomposers fail to act optimally on the dead organic matter
100. Consider the following statements
1. Larger surface area to volume ratio
2. Thick layers of fur/feathers & fat to insulate against cold climate
3. Large feet to have comfortable grip on the ice
4. Smaller extremities like nose, ears, feet, tail etc. compared to their tropical counterparts
5. Migration or hibernation during Winters
Which of the above stated adaptations are exhibited by the polar animals?
a. 1, 2, 3 and 5
b. 2, 3, 4 and 5
c. 2, 4, and 5 only
d. All of them
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