CSP-2015: Key to the World Geography Test-3 Dt.28.02.2015

CSP-2015: Key to the World Geography Test-3 Dt.28.02.2015

1.	c	11.	a	21.	d	31.	a	41.	c
2.	c	12.	b	22.	b	32.	a	42.	d
3.	b	13.	d	23.	a	33.	d	43.	a
4.	c	14.	b	24.	a	34.	d	44.	a
5.	b	15.	b	25.	d	35.	b	45.	d
6.	a	16.	d	26.	c	36.	d	46.	d
7.	d	17.	a	27.	a	37.	a	47.	d
8.	d	18.	b	28.	c	38.	d	48.	d
9.	c	19.	b	29.	d	39.	b	49.	a
10.	c	20.	d	30.	d	40.	a	50.	a

Dear Friends,

From this section 1 question appeared in CSP 2013 and no question in CSP 2014. However, the all the 189 members of UN at the time (there are 193 currently), and at least 23 international organizations were committed to help achieve the following Millennium Development Goals by 2015.

1.   To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

2.   To achieve universal primary education.  

3.   To promote gender equality

4.   To reduce child mortality

5.   To improve maternal health

6.   To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

7.   To ensure environmental sustainability

8.   To develop a global partnership for development

Hence, there is a likelihood that questions may appear from this section. Be thorough with the above highlighted items worldwide as well as India. Be thorough with the 2011 census data of India. Pay special attention to urbanization and smart cities all over the world and India

Best of luck.

B.YADAGIRI, IRS.,

15.05.2015

Explanation:

1. The highest population density in North American continent is found in Cuba [102 persons per square kilometer. The most populous State in North America is USA with two-thirds of the population of the continent, followed by Mexico and Canada. The North Eastern part of USA makes up highest density of population due to heavy Industrialization, fertile soil and suitable climate. The Great lakes and the St. Laurence River makes it a convenient place transport system of goods and raw materials. The lowest population density is found in Canada due to rough and unfavorable climate [less than 3 persons per square kilometer]. The central portion of the Continent allows the cold winds from North to blow over Canada and makes it very difficult place to live in. Further, the high Western cordillera and also the effect of cold Labrador Current in the East have their toll in making the climate harsher.  

3. Mavoris are indigenous people of New Zealand. Arunta is one of the aboriginal tribes of Australia. Dayak Tribe is located in Indonesia. Hence, the only option correctly matched is “c”,  Semangs belong to Malaysia. 

5. Yazidis, a heterodox Kurdish religious minority living predominantly in northern Iraq, Syria and south-east Turkey, with well-established communities in the Caucasus and a growing European diaspora. There are probably some 200,000-300,000 Yazidis worldwide. Hence the correct option is “b”.       

8. As per the latest report [ August, 2014] of the Population Division of United Nations, Tokyo remains the world’s largest urban agglomeration with 38 million inhabitants, followed by Delhi with 25 million, Shanghai with 23 million, and Mexico City, Mumbai and São Paulo, each with around 21 million inhabitants. Osaka (Kinki Major Metropolitan Area) has just over 20 million, followed by Beijing with slightly less than 20 million. The New York Newark area and Cairo complete the list of the ten most populous urban areas with around 18.5 million inhabitants each. [Top 10 cities are marked as blocked]     

9. Both the statements are correct. The cities containing population of 10 million and more are called “Mega Cities”. The megacities in the World grown from mere 10 megacities in 1990 accommodating 153 million people to 28 megacities  in 2014 with 453 million people or about 12 percent of the world’s urban dwellers. Among those 28 megacities, sixteen are located in Asia, four in Latin America, three each in Africa and Europe, and two in Northern America.

Overall, nearly half of the world’s 3.9 billion urban dwellers reside in relatively small settlements with fewer than 500,000 inhabitants. In 2014, around 505 million people in the more developed regions were living in urban settlements with fewer than 500,000 inhabitants, while in the less developed regions 1.4 billion did so. In the least developed countries, over half of the urban population [56%] lived in these relatively smaller urban areas.

This is a discernible trend in the growth of the urban areas all over the world especially in developing world. 

11. The equator region is rich in biodiversity with full of un-exploitable thick forests and poisonous animals and insects. Hence, this zone supports little human beings. The population density would be less than 1. As we know, river valleys are cradles of civilization and support large population due to creation of fertile alluvium every year, plains and abundant water resources for agriculture and navigation.  Similarly, industrialized zones like Detroit of USA, Ruhr of Germany support lot of population. Tropics with deciduous forests are not as thick that of Equator and thereby amenable to exploitation. Further, the plateaus, plains and grass lands support human population. Hence, the plausible answer is “a”.

12. World Urbanization Trends 2014: Key Facts

• Globally, more people live in urban areas than in rural areas, with 54 per cent of the world’s population residing in urban areas in 2014. In 1950, 30 per cent of the world’s population was urban, and by 2050, 66 per cent of the world’s population is projected to be urban.

• Today, the most urbanized regions include Northern America (82 per cent living in urban areas in 2014), Latin America and the Caribbean (80 per cent), and Europe (73 per cent). In contrast, Africa and Asia remain mostly rural, with 40 and 48 per cent of their respective populations living in urban areas. All regions are expected to urbanize further over the coming decades. Africa and Asia are urbanizing faster than the other regions and are projected to become 56 and 64 per cent urban, respectively, by 2050.

 • The rural population of the world has grown slowly since 1950 and is expected to reach its peak in a few years. The global rural population is now close to 3.4 billion and is expected to decline to 3.2 billion by 2050. Africa and Asia are home to nearly 90 per cent of the world’s rural population. India has the largest rural population (857 million), followed by China (635 million).

• The urban population of the world has grown rapidly since 1950, from 746 million to 3.9 billion in 2014. Asia, despite its lower level of urbanization, is home to 53 per cent of the world’s urban population, followed by Europe (14 per cent) and Latin America and the Caribbean (13 per cent).

• Continuing population growth and urbanization are projected to add 2.5 billion people to the world’s urban population by 2050, with nearly 90 per cent of the increase concentrated in Asia and Africa.

• Just three countries—India, China and Nigeria— together are expected to account for 37 per cent of the projected growth of the world’s urban population between 2014 and 2050. India is projected to add 404 million urban dwellers, China 292 million and Nigeria 212 million.

• Close to half of the world’s urban dwellers reside in relatively small settlements of less than 500,000 inhabitants, while only around one in eight live in the 28 mega-cities with more than 10 million inhabitants.

• Tokyo is the world’s largest city with an agglomeration of 38 million inhabitants, followed by Delhi with 25 million, Shanghai with 23 million, and Mexico City, Mumbai and São Paulo, each with around 21 million inhabitants. By 2030, the world is projected to have 41 mega-cities with more than 10 million inhabitants. Tokyo is projected to remain the world’s largest city in 2030 with 37 million inhabitants, followed closely by Delhi where the population is projected to rise swiftly to 36 million. Several decades ago most of the world’s largest urban agglomerations were found in the more developed regions, but today’s large cities are concentrated in the global South. The fastest growing urban agglomerations are medium-sized cities and cities with less than 1 million inhabitants located in Asia and Africa.

• Some cities have experienced population decline in recent years. Most of these are located in the low-fertility countries of Asia and Europe where the overall population is stagnant or declining. Economic contraction and natural disasters have contributed to population losses in some cities as well.

• As the world continues to urbanize, sustainable development challenges will be increasingly concentrated in cities, particularly in the lower-middle-income countries where the pace of urbanization is fastest. Integrated policies to improve the lives of both urban and rural dwellers are needed.

14 and 19. While all countries' population pyramids differ, three types have been identified by the fertility and mortality rates of a country.

Stationary/Stable pyramid – A population pyramid showing an unchanging pattern of fertility and mortality.

Progressive pyramid – A Pyramid with a high birth rate and a high death rate.

Regressive pyramid – A declining birth rate and a low mortality rate.

  

16. The world population (the total number of living humans on Earth) was 7.244 billion as of July 2014 according to the medium fertility estimate by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division and it is projected to reach 7.325 billion in July 2015.

17. UNDP works in more than 170 countries and territories, helping to achieve the eradication of poverty, and the reduction of inequalities and exclusion. We help countries to develop policies, leadership skills, partnering abilities, institutional capabilities and build resilience in order to sustain development results.

Inclusive growth, better services, environmental sustainability, good governance, and security are fundamental to development progress. We offer our expertise in development thinking and practice, and our decades of experience at country level, to support countries to meet their development aspirations and to bring the voices of the world’s peoples into deliberations. Through 2015, we will continue our push to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and to strengthen post-2015 frameworks for development, disaster risk reduction and climate change as they help shape global sustainable development.

21. All the pairs are wrongly matched. The Lepcha or Róng people are among the indigenous peoples of Sikkim. Their numbers vary between 30,000 and 50,000. They are also found in western and South Western Bhutan, Tibet, and partly in Eastern Nepal, Darjeeling and in the hills of West Bengal. They are called by distinct names in different parts of their distribution. Most of them are Buddhist by religion, which was brought by the Bhutias from the north, although a large number of Lepchas have adopted Christianity today and some Lepchas have not given up their shamanistic religion, which is known as Mun.

The Zulu are a Bantu ethnic group of Southren Africa in and around Kalahari Desert. It is the largest ethnic group in South Africa, with an estimated 10–11 million people.Small numbers also live in Zimbabwe, Zambia, Tanjania and Mozambique. Their language, Zulu, is a Bantu language; more specifically, part of the Nguni subgroup.

The San people (or Saan), also known as Bushmen or Basarwa are members of various indigenous Hunter-Gatherer people of Southern Africa, whose territories span Botswana, Namibia, Angola, Zimbabwe, Zambia and South Africa. There is a significant linguistic difference between the northern people living between the Okavango river in Botswana and Etosha National Park in northwestern Namibia, extending up into southern Angola; the central people of most of Namibia and Botswana, extending into Zambia and Zimbabwe; and the southern people in the central Kalahari towards the Molopo River, who are the last remnant of the previously extensive indigenous San of South Africa.

23. Mongoild population constitutes around 43% of the world population. Caucasoid race constitute around 33% of the population and the remaining 24% population is represented by Negroid and two less represented races such as Australoids and Hottentots and Bushmen.  The Mogoloid, Caucasoid and Negroid populations are growing and Hottentots and Bushmen are diminishing. The australoid race is represented by different tribal or ethnic groups across the above three major races and across the regions of the world.

24. Continent wise population is given in the table below.

Region	Number	Percentage
Asia	4,307,107,875	60%
Africa	1,037,524,058	15%
Europe	816,426,346	11.4%
North America	544,620,340	7.6%
South America	400,067,694	5.6%
Australia/Oceania	35,426,995	0.5%
Antarctica	1,169	0.00002%
Total	7,141,174,477	100.0%

25. The world's most widely spoken languages by number of native speakers and as a second language, according to figures from UNESCO (The United Nations' Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), are: Mandarin Chinese, [1350 millions ] English, [1200 Millions ] , Hindi, [540 millions] , Spanish [460 Million] Arabic [290 millions] , Bengali, Russian, Portuguese, Japanese, German and French.

26. The Aeta (Ayta, pronounced EYE-tə), or Agta, are an indigenous people who live in scattered, isolated mountainous parts of the island of Luzon, the Philippines. These peoples are considered to be Negritos, whose skin ranges from dark to very dark brown, and possessing features such as a small stature and frame; hair of a curly to kinky texture and a higher frequency of naturally lighter colour [blondism] relative to the general population; small nose; and dark brown eyes.

Inuit are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Greenland, Canada and Alaska. Inuit is a plural noun; the singular is Inuk.

The Khoikhoi or hottontoes are the native pastoralist people of southwestern Africa. They were practicing extensive pastoral agriculture in the Cape region, with large herds of Nguni Cattle. The Dutch settlers labeled them as Hottentots, in imitation of the sound of the Khoekhoe language but this term is today considered derogator

The Maasai are a Nilotic ethnic group of semi-nomadic people inhabiting southern Kenya and Northern Tanzania. They are among the best known local populations due to their residence near the many game parks of the African Great Lakes, and their distinctive customs and dress. The speak language which is similar to Dinka and Nuer tribes. They are also educated in the official languages of Kenya and Tanzania, Swahili and English.

27. The infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births. This rate is often used as an indicator of the level of health in a country. The infant mortality rate of the world is 49.4 according to the United Nations and 42.09 according to the CIA World Fact book. As per the 2013 CIA World Fact book estimates the IMR is 7.2 in China, 9.24 in Sri Lanka, 42 in India and 59 in Pakistan.

28. The population density of Bihar is 1102 per square KM, 1029 in WB, 828 in UP and 859 in Kerala. Hence the correct option is “c”.

30. All the three statements are correct. The largest city by population is Tokyo and by area it is New York. The smallest city in the world by area is Vatican City with an area of 44 hectares (108.7 acre). It is a landlocked sovereign city state whose territory consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome. It is officially called State of the Vatican City.

31. The top 10 countries in terms of population are China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Russia and Japan. Hence correct option is “a”. 

32. The Eskimo population was approximately 50,000 at the time of the first widespread contact with Europeans. An estimated 2,000 Siberian Eskimos lived near the Bering Strait, the Alaskan Eskimos numbered about 25,000, and the Central Eskimos (who inhabited what is now northern Canada) numbered about 10,000. Currently, Yakuts form a large plurality of the total population within the vast Sakha Republic. According to the 2010 Russian census, there were a total of 466,492 Yakuts residing in the Sakha Republic during that year, or 49.9% of the total population of the Republic. In the geographical area of Sápmi, the Sami are a small population. According to some, the estimated total Sami population is about 70,000. Hence, the correct option is “a”.

34. Thailand consists of 94.5% Buddhists, 4.6% Muslims and 0.7 % Christians. The major religion of Philippines is the Christianity with 93.2% population and that to 81% is made up by Roman Catholics. The others are Muslims 5%. In Malaysia, Muslims make up 60% of population, followed by Buddhists with 19%, Christians 9% and Hindus 6%. The rest is made up by Chinese and others. Indonesia has 86% Muslims, Christians about 8% and Hindus @ 1.8%. 

35. The human beings are divided into three broad races, Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Negroid. The Caucasoid include another sub group called as Australoid or archaic Caucasoid, represented by Australian aboriginals and Veddas of Sri Lanka and certain Indian tribals in South and Cental India, Bhil, Gond, Kadir, Oraon, etc. The bases for such classification are morphological or physical features and genetic factors.   The main morphological bases are skin colour, hair colour, texture and form, Eye-shape etc. and the genetic bases are Cephalic index, Facial index, Nasal index etc. Out of these bases, the most stable which doesn’t undergo much change is the Cephalic index which is expressed as the percentage of the breadth of head in relation to the length of the head, breadth divided by length, multiplied by 100.  

38. Nilotic peoples or Nilotes refers to related ethnic groups mainly inhabiting the Nile Valley, and parts of Central Africa and East Africa, who speak Nilotic languages, a large sub-group of the Nilo-Saharan family. These include the Luo, Kalenjin, Dinka, Nuer, Shilluk, Ateker and the Maa –speaking people, all of which are clusters of several ethnic groups.

Nilotes form the majority of the population in South Sudan, an area that is believed to be their original point of dispersal. They also today constitute the second-largest group of peoples inhabiting the African Great Lakes region (after the Bantu people), with a notable presence in southwestern Ethiopia as well. Nilotes primarily adhere to Christianity and traditional faiths, including the Dinka religion.

Hamites were said to have spoken "Hamitic languages", which consisted of Afro-asiatic (Hamito-Semitic) languages of the Berber, Cushitic and Egyptian branches. "Hamitic" was applied to non-Semitic languages in the Afro-asiatic family, which was thus formerly labeled "Hamito-Semitic". The Hamitic languages were classified as including the Berber, Cushitic and Egyptian branches.

Bantu peoples are used as a general label for the 300–600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages. They inhabit a geographical area stretching east and southward from Central Africa across the African Great Lakes region down to Southern Africa. Southern Africa. Bantu is a major branch of the Niger-Congo language family spoken by most populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. There are about 650 Bantu languages by the criterion of mutual intelligibility, though the distinction between language and dialect is often unclear, and Ethnologue counts 535 languages

39. The last speaker of the Bo language died in the Andaman Islands, and with her death, this language is now extinct. She was the sole surviving member of the Bo tribe, a part of the greater Andamanese tribes that live in the Andaman and Nicobar islands of India.

Additional information: The most isolated or remote tribe in the world North sentinelese

41. The 2012 Rakhine State riots were a series of conflicts primarily between ethnic Rakhine Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims in northern Rakhine State, Myanmar, though by October, 2012 Muslims of all ethnicities had begun to be targeted. Before the riots, there were widespread and strongly held fears circulating among Buddhist Rakhines that they would soon become a minority in their ancestral state. 

44. A smart city (also smarter city) uses digital technologies to enhance performance and wellbeing, to reduce costs and resource consumption, and to engage more effectively and actively with its citizens. Key 'smart' sectors include transport, energy, health care, water and waste.

It may be defined as a developed urban area that creates sustainable economic development and high quality of life by excelling in multiple key areas; economy, mobility, environment, people, living, and government. Excelling in these key areas can be done so through strong human capital, social capital and/or ICT [Information and communication technologies] infrastructure. ICT Infrastructure offers a range of technologies to assist organizations in running efficiently. These services are essential to the everyday mechanics of an organization and integral to effective service delivery. These include hardware, software, networking and implementation

46. Monaco in South Europe currently holds the record for being the most densely populated nation in the world [18,475 per square KM]. It is located in the South-Eastern France, washed by Mediterranean Sea. Mongolia is the least densely populated country in the world [1.92 per square KM]. Macau which is a part of china is the area with highest population density in the world. [21,190 persons per square KM]. The population density of Bangladesh is 1203 persons per square KM.

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