KEY to the CSP-2015 Indian History Test 5 , 15.1.2015

KEY to the CSP-2015 Indian History Test 5 , 15.1.2015

1.	c	21.	d	41.	d	61.	b	81	b
2.	a	22.	a	42.	b	62.	a	82	a
3.	d	23.	c	43.	c	63.	a	83	c
4.	a	24.	c	44.	b	64.	a	84	d
5.	c	25.	b	45.	a	65.	c	85	c
6.	a	26.	a	46.	b	66.	d	86	d
7.	c	27.	a	47.	d	67.	c	87	a
8.	a	28.	b	48.	d	68.	d	88	c
9.	b	29.	a	49.	b	69.	d	89	c
10.	a	30.	a	50.	d	70.	c	90	a
11.	d	31.	d	51.	a	71	d	91	c
12.	a	32.	a	52.	c	72	b	92	a
13.	a	33.	b	53.	a	73	a	93	a
14.	c	34.	d	54.	a	74	b	94	c
15.	b	35.	d	55.	d	75	a	95	b
16.	c	36.	b	56.	a	76	a	96	a
17.	a	37.	b	57.	d	77	a	97	c
18.	c	38.	a	58.	d	78	a	98	c
19.	b	39.	a	59.	d	79	a	99	b
20.	a	40.	a	60.	a	80	b	100	a

Explanation:

1 to 23 and also other questions on Dance, Music and theatre and folk art questions. Please refer to the Notes attached as “Indian Culture”. You may refer also Vajiram and Ravi material. 

25. Govind Guru was the first social reformer of Gujarat state and he was the social and religious leader of the Bhil community for more than three decades, who was the pivotal force in uniting Bhils to demand a separate entity in the British period. The movement led to the infamous Mangarh massacre on November 17, 1913. Indeed the guru formed the base for the work of Gandhian-era activists such as Indulal Yagnik and Thakkarbapa. He started working with the Bhil community during the great famine of 1899-1900 and saw their oppression at the hands of the princely states. Govind Guru quickly saw the social setup and liquor as the primary causes of their indebtness, bonded labour and other woes and decided to fight the malaise. He started Bhagat Sampradaya (sect) in 1908. The guru's disciples followed strict rules including abstinence from liquor and meat, the adoption of hygienic practices, and the rejection of bonded labour work and witch-doctors. These reforms did not go down well with many princely states as revenues from liquor shops went down and labour became scarce. The struggle between the states and Bhils had started. The guru and his followers met at Mangarh on a hillock. Terming the meeting as rebellion, rulers' forces surrounded the gathering from three sides and fired indiscriminately. While the government figures show only 25 deaths, other estimates suggest a toll of 500 and even 1,000."

29. M. Nandakumar was appointed by East India Company as a collector of taxes or Diwan, in 1764, following the removal of Warren Hastings from the post.  In 1773, when Warren Hastings was re-instated as Governor-General of Bengal, brought charges of fraud against the Maharaja Nandakumar and with the help of his friend Elijah Impey, India’s first Chief Justice, involved in his judicial killing. He was hanged in Kolkata in 5 August 1775. Hastings and Sir Elijay Impey were impeached by the British Parliament for this judicial murder, though they were absolved later.

30 and 39.  Lord Ripon was India’s Viceroy from 1880-84. He was a liberal politician and known for many reforms in the internal administration of India. He had undone most of the regressive and un popular policies of Lord Lytton who was viceroy during 1876 to 1880. The most important events during the period of Lord Ripon were.

ü  Repeal of Vernacular Press Act  in 1882 and granting freedom of press.

ü  A Resolution in 1882 set off the institution of local self-government in India. He is otherwise known as “Father of Local Self Governments” in India

ü  Hunter Commission came in 1882 for the purpose of education reforms.

ü  The age for entry in the Civil Services was once again raised to 21 years.

ü  The First factory Act was enacted in 1881

ü  Introduction of Ilbert Bill 

Ilbert Bill Episode:

Ilbert Bill is named after Courtenay Peregrine Ilbert, who was appointed as legal adviser to the Council of India.

The bill was introduced in 1883 by Viceroy Ripon, who actually desired to abolish the racial prejudice from the Indian Penal Code. Ripon had proposed an amendment for existing laws in the country and to allow Indian judges and magistrates the jurisdiction to try British offenders in criminal cases at the District level.

It was never allowed before.

So naturally, the Europeans living in India looked it as a Humiliation and the introduction of the bill led to intense opposition in Britain as well as India (by the British residents). So it was withdrawn but was reintroduced and enacted in 1884 in a severely compromised state.

The amended bill had the provisions that the Europeans would be conferred on European and Indian District Magistrates and Sessions Judges alike. However, a defendant would in all cases have the right to claim trial by a jury of which at least half the members must be European.

Thus, this enactment held that Europeans criminals would be heard only by the Indian Judges “helped by the European Judges”.

The passage of this bill opened the eyes of the Indians and deepened antagonism between the British and Indians.

The result was wider nationalism and establishment of Indian National Congress in the next year.The amended Ilbert Bill was passed on 25 January 1884, as the Criminal Procedure Code Amendment Act 1884. It came into force on May 1, 1884.

31. Gopal Krishna Gokhale, (9 May 1866 – 19 February 1915) was one of the tall leaders of Indian National Congress and moderate leader during the Indian Freedom Movement against British Empire in India. He sought not only independence from the British Empire, but also social reform. To achieve his goals, Gokhale followed two overarching principles: non-violence and reform within existing government institutions. Due this idealism, he had differences with Bal Ganghadar Tilak who is considered as “Father of Indian unrest”.

He was mentor to both MK Gandhi and Mohammad Ali Jinnah who later became fathers of Nation to India and Pakistan respectively. Gokhale was also the role model and mentor of Mohammad Ali Jinnah, who in 1912, aspired to become the "Muslim Gokhale".  Gandhi calls Gokhale his mentor and guide. Gandhi also recognised Gokhale as an admirable leader and master politician, describing him as pure as crystal, gentle as a lamb, brave as a lion and chivalrous to a fault and the most perfect man in the political field.  Despite his deep respect for Gokhale, however, Gandhi would reject Gokhale's faith in western institutions as a means of achieving political reform and ultimately chose not to become a member of Gokhale's Servants of India Society. Similarly, Gokhale considered MG Ranade as his political guru, but not Atmaram Pandurang as given in the question.

Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade (18 January 1842 – 16 January 1901) was a distinguished Indian scholar, social reformer and author. He was a founding member of INC and and owned several designations as member of the Bombay legislative council, member of the finance committee at the Centre, and the judge of Bombay High Court. A well-known public figure, his personality as a calm and patient optimist would influence his attitude towards dealings with Britain as well as reform in India. During his life, he helped establish the Vaktruttvottejak Sabha, the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha and the Prarthana Samaj, and would edit a Bombay Anglo-Marathi daily paper, the Indduprakash, founded on his ideology of social and religious reform. Atmaram Pandurang was a friend of MG Ranade and established Prarthana Samaj.

32. Nirankari is a reformist movement in Sikhism originating in Rawalpindi, a city situated in the northwest of the Punjab. Baba Dyal Singh (1785-1855), a Sahajdhari sikh and bullion merchant founded the sect. This sect aims to unify all religions and denominations on the basis of one formless and cosmic God. They claim the God is perfect, eternal, omnipresent, omniscient and omnipotent by Divine knowledge (Brahma Gyan). The main Nirankari practice is the mental repetition of the mantra: Dhan Nirankar ("Glory to the Formless One"); and they sustain the traditional Sanatan Dharmic practice of the Guru being necessary every era to keep people unified and updated with changing needs. Subsequently, the orthodox Sikh view that Adi Granth was the last and only eternal Guru for all Sikhs is not subscribed. Although the Nirankari reject idolatry and ritualistic rites, this is not emphasized. However, adherents are prohibited from consuming alcohol or smoking.

33. He is the brain behind the Delhi Conspiracy or Delhi-Lahore conspiracy to kill the Viceroy Hardinge in 1911 and he is the one who had thrown the bomb at the procession killing the mahout, but Viceroy escaped with non-fatal injuries. He was also involved in Ghadar conspiracy, but it was failed as Govt. found out the plan before it was executed. He escaped to Japan and involved in organizing Indian Prisoners of War [PoW] at Malaya and Burma into Indian National Army.  The organizational spadework of Rash Behari Bose helped Subhas Chandra Bose later built the Indian National Army (also called 'Azad Hind Fauj'). Prior to being killed near the end of World War II, the Japanese Government honored him with the Order of the Rising Sun (2nd grade). In 2013, the ashes of Rash Behari Bose were brought to Chandannagar from Japan by the mayor of Chandannagar and emersed at the Hooghly river banks.

34. Erode Venkata Ramasamy (1879- 1973), affectionately called by his followers as Periyar was a social activist, politician and businessman, who started the Self Respect Movement or the Dravidian Movement. He was the founder of political party, Dravidar Kazhagam.

[Kazhagam is pronounced as Kalagam in Tamil]  He joined INC, in 1919, but resigned in 1925 when he felt that the party was only serving the interests of the Brahmins. In 1924, Periyar led a non-violent agitation Satyagraha in Vaikom, Kerala. From 1929 to 1932 toured Malaysia, Europe, and Russia, which had an influence on him. In 1939, Periyar became the head of the Justice Party.  The party later split and one group led by C.N. Annadurai formed the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in 1949. He started a paper “Kudi Arasu” in 1924 to spread his views.

Periyar propagated the principles of rationalism, self-respect, Women’s rights and eradication of caste. He opposed the exploitation and marginalization of the non-Brahmin by the Brahmins. His work has greatly revolutionized Tamil society and has significantly removed caste-based discrimination. He is also responsible for bringing new changes to the Tamil alphabet. The citation awarded by the UNESCO described Periyar as "the prophet of the new age, the Socrates of South East Asia, father of social reform movement and arch enemy of ignorance, superstitions, meaningless customs and base manners.

38. The Kakori Revolution (also called, the Kakori Conspiracy or Kakori train robbery or Kakori Case, was a train robbery that took place between Kakori and Alamnagar, near Lucknow, on 9 August 1925 against the British Indian Government. It was organised by the  Hindustan Republican Association [HRA] led by Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqullah Khan, Chandra sekhar Azad and others. [The HRA later became Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]. The HRA was established to carry out revolutionary activities against the British Empire in Indian with the objective of achieving independence. Since the organisation needed money for purchase of weaponry, Bismil and his party decided to plunder a train on one of the Northern Railway lines which used to carry money of the Government and no passengers were robbed. One passenger was killed by an accidental shot.

45. The Sargent Scheme, formally known as the Report of the Sargent Commission on Post-War Education Development in India, was a 1944 memorandum prepared at the behest of the British run Government of India that outlined the future development of literacy and education in India The central goal of the Sargent Scheme was the educational reconstruction of India. It recommended the introduction of free and compulsory education for all Indian children in the 6-11 years age group. The plan aimed to bring about universal literacy in India within 40 years of its introduction, i.e. by 1984

52. Ragamala Paintings are a series of illustrative paintings from medieval India based on Ragamala or the 'Garland of Ragas', depicting various Indian musical modes, Ragas. They stand as a classical example of the amalgamation of art, poetry and classical music in medieval India.

Ragamala paintings were created in most schools of India painting, starting in the 16th and 17th centuries and are today named accordingly, as Pahari Ragamala, Rajasthan or Rajput Ragamala, Deccan Ragamala, and Mughal Ragamala.

In these painting each raga is personified by a colour, mood, a verse describing a story of a hero and heroine (nayaka and nayika), it also elucidates the season and the time of day and night in which a particular raga is to be sung; and finally most paintings also demarcate the specific Hindu deities attached with the raga, like Bhairava or Bhairavi to Shiva, Sri to Devi etc. The paintings depict not just the Ragas [Ragas are male], but also raginis [female counter parts of Ragas or in loose terms, their wives] and their numerous sons (ragaputra) and daughters (ragaputri). The six principal ragas present in the Ragamala are Bhairava, Dipika, Sri, Malkaunsa, Megha and Hindola and these are meant to be sung during the six seasons of the year – summer, monsoon, autumn, early winter, winter and spring

55. Bharata Natyam is the classical dance from the state of Tamil Nadu which was described in Natya Sastra written by Bharata Muni. The various stages or events in the dance are  

ü  Alaripu: A presentation of the Tala punctuated by simple syllables spoken by the dancer. This really is sort of an invocation to the gods to bless the performance. Alaripu is performed in different jatis. Tishra, Mishra, Chatushra, Sankirna are the different types of jatis.

ü  Kautuvam: Ancient temple dance item performed in the beginning of the recital, containing rhythmic syllables sung for jathis.

ü  Ganapati Vandana: A traditional opening prayer to the Hindu god Ganesh, who removes obstacles.

ü  Jatiswaram or Jathiswaram: An abstract dance where the drums set the beat. Here the dancer displays her versatility in elaborate footwork and graceful movements of the body. Here the Dancer displays the Korvai in a rhythmic form. Jatiswaram or Jathiswaram brings out three aspects of dance: unity of music, rhythm and movements.

ü  Shabdam: The dancing is accompanied by a poem or song with a devotional or amorous theme. Shabdam is usually depicting graceful movements in a story or a poem

ü  Varnam: The center piece of the performance. It is the longest section of the dance punctuated with the most complex and difficult movements. Positions of the hands and body tell a story, usually of love and the longing for the lover.

ü  Padam: Probably the most lyrical section where the dancer "speaks" of some aspect of love: devotion to the Supreme being; or of love of mother for child; or the love of lovers separated and reunited.

ü  Stuti: Hymn in praise of a deity that may contain a feigned mockery, etc.

ü  Javali: Javalis are relatively new, pure abhinaya types of compositions of light and pleasing nature. Like Padams the underlying theme of Javalis is Sringara Rasa depicting the Nayaka-Nayaki bhava.

ü  Tillana: The final section is a pure dance (nritta) when the virtuosity of the music is reflected in the complex footwork and captivating poses of the dancer.

Similarities and differences between Bharatanatyam and Kuchipudi Dances

Bharatanatyam originated in Tamil Nadu, name possibly derived from Bharat. In Natya Shastra, Bharatanatyam is described as ekaharya in which one dancer depicts many roles. Siva as Nataraja, the Lord of Dance is depicted in various dance forms. Bharatnatyam leans heavily on the abhinaya or mime aspect of dance – the nritya, where the dancer expresses the sahitya through movement and mime (gestures and facial expression). Bharatanatyam is usually accompanied by the classical music. It is practiced by male and female dancers.

Noted Exponents of Bharatnatyam include Rukmini Devi Arundale, Mallika Sarabhai, Yamini Krishnamurthy

 Kuchipudi derives its name from a village in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh. It’s worth note that there are many similarities between the Kuchipudi and Yakshagana. In fact, the evolution of Kuchipudi and Yakshagana seems to be common. The Kuchipudi style was conceived by Siddhendra Yogi, a talented Vaishnava poet of 17^th century. It begins with an invocation to Lord Ganesha followed by nritta (non-narrative and abstract dancing); shabdam (narrative dancing) and natya. The dance is accompanied by song which is typically Carnatic music. The singer is accompanied by mridangam, violin, flute and the tambura. Like other classical dances, Kuchipudi also comprises pure dance, mime and histrionics but it is the use of speech that distinguishes Kuchipudi’s presentation as dance drama. Noted Kuchipudi exponents are: Raja Reddy and Radha reddy, Sonal Mansingh, Yamini Krishnamurthy

Bharatanatyam	Kuchipudi
Ancient in origin	Relatively younger than Bharatnatyam
Prevalent in Tamil Nadu	Prevalent in AP
Panchatatva is the element of fire	Panchatatva is the element of earth
Precise and rhythmic steps	Rounded steps
Lot of focus on “Aramandi” [half sit on the ground]	Some items include dancing on brass place called “Tarangam”
Dress has three fans of differing length	Dress has one Fan longer than other fans, which may not be three

58. Tribhaṅga or Tribunga is a (tri-bent pose) standing body position or stance used in the traditional Indian sculpture, art, and Indian classical dance forms like Odissi. The term, Tribhanga, literally meaning three parts break, consists of three bends in the body; at the neck, waist and knee, hence the body is oppositely curved at waist and neck which gives it a gentle "S" shape and is considered the most graceful and sensual of the Odissi positions. Closely associated with Hindu deity, Krishna who is often portrayed in the posture.

 The Indian classicl dance, Odissi is characterized by various Bhangas or stance, which involves stamping of the foot and striking various postures as seen in Indian sculptures, they are four in number, namely Bhanga, Abanga, Atibhanga and Tribhanga being the most common of all. In Sculpture, various postures used in classical dances of India such as Odissi, Bharatanatyam and Kathak are used as such. Traditionally the Yakshi is shown with her hand touching a tree branch, and a sinuous pose, tribhanga pose, as is Salabhankika, whose examples dating to the 12th century can be found in the Hoyasala temples of Belur, in south-central Karnataka and the Khajuraho temples built around 9th century CE, where Vishnu is depicted at various places in this position which commonly reserved for Krishna, playing the flute. The Agamic texts suggest that Shiva sculptures are to be made in tribhanga posture facing the east as seen in temple dating 8th-12th centuries. The central deity at the Simhachalam temple near Visakhapatnam, the lion-man incarnation of Lord Mahavishnu is in the tribhanga posture. This style has also travels with Indian influence as in China where some sculptures at the Maijishan Grottoes built in the Later Qin era (384-417 CE). Some Buddha images in Thailand are also in the tribhanga (leaning) position and so are some of Boddhisattva in the ancient Yakushi-ji Buddhist temples in Nara, Japan, built in 680 CE, the Hakuho period.

65. The first national flag in India is said to have been hoisted on August 7, 1906, in the Parsee Bagan Square (Green Park) in Calcutta now Kolkata. The flag was composed of three horizontal strips of red, yellow and green. The second flag was hoisted in Paris by Madame Cama and her band of exiled revolutionaries in 1907.This was very similar to the first flag except that the top strip had only one lotus but seven stars denoting the Saptarishi. The third flag went up in 1917 during Home Rule Movement , both  Dr. Annie Besant and Lokmanya Tilak hoisted it. This flag had five red and four green horizontal strips arranged alternately, with seven stars in the saptarishi configuration super-imposed on them. In the left-hand top corner (the pole end) was the Union Jack. There was also a white crescent and star in one corner. 

During the session of the All India Congress Committee which met at Bezwada in 1921 (now Vijayawada), Pingali Venkaiah prepared a flag and took it to Gandhiji. It was made up of two colours-red and green-representing the two major communities i.e. Hindus and Muslims. Gandhiji suggested the addition of a white strip to represent the remaining communities of India and the spinning wheel to symbolise progress of the Nation.

The year 1931 was a landmark in the history of the flag. A resolution was passed adopting a tricolor flag as our national flag. This flag, the forbear of the present one, was saffron, white and green with Mahatma Gandhi's spinning wheel at the center. It was, however, clearly stated that it bore no communal significance and was to be interpreted thus.

 On July 22, 1947, the Constituent Assembly adopted it as Free India National Flag. After the advent of Independence, the colours and their significance remained the same. Only the Dharma Charkha of Emperor Asoka was adopted in place of the spinning wheel as the emblem on the flag. Thus, the tricolour flag of the Congress Party eventually became the tricolor flag of Independent India. 

Colors of the Flag: 

In the national flag of India the top band is of Saffron colour, indicating the strength and courage of the country. The white middle band indicates peace and truth with Dharma Chakra. The last band is green in colour shows the fertility, growth and auspiciousness of the land. 

The Chakra: 

This Dharma Chakra depicted the "wheel of the law" in the Sarnath Lion Capital made by the 3rd-century BC Mauryan Emperor Ashoka. The chakra intends to show that there is life in movement and death in stagnation. 

Flag Code: 

On 26th January 2002, the Indian flag code was modified and after several years of independence, the citizens of India were finally allowed to hoist the Indian flag over their homes, offices and factories on any day and not just National days as was the case earlier. Now Indians can proudly display the national flag anywhere and anytime, as long as the provisions of the Flag Code are strictly followed to avoid any disrespect to the tricolour. For the sake of convenience, Flag Code of India, 2002, has been divided into three parts. Part I of the Code contains general description of the National Flag. Part II of the Code is devoted to the display of the National Flag by members of public, private organizations, educational institutions, etc. Part III of the Code relates to display of the National Flag by Central and State governments and their organizations and agencies.

68. India has had a tradition of festivals from time immemorial. From national festivals to social ones, people come closer, enjoy and forget their differences. Festivals always break the monotony of day-to-day life and inspire us to promote love and brotherhood and to work for the upliftment of the society. Bihar as a part of this ancient land is no exception and has a long list of celebrations.

Chatth Puja

Almost all civilizations have worshipped the ‘sun god’, but it has a unique form in Bihar. Chatth Puja is the only occasion where the setting sun is worshipped.

The people of Bihar have immense faith in this festival. It is celebrated twice a year. Once in Chaitra (according to the Hindu calendar) which falls in March and in Kartik which falls in November. For this 4-day festival, people maintain sanctity and purity from even a month ahead. People celebrate this festival with immense faith the folk songs sung in the honour of ‘Surya Dev’ and ‘Chatti Maiyya’ can be heard at every nook and corner the sweetness of the songs lets you feel the holiness of the festival.

Women fast for the good of their family and the society. Regardless of the social status, to celebrate this festival only the faith counts. Though it is a festival of the Hindus, some of the Muslims also participate actively in the puja.

Sama-Chakeva

It is during the winter season that the birds from the Himalayas migrate towards the plains. With the advent of these colorful birds, celebration of sama–chakeva is done. This is a festival especially celebrated in mithila. mithilanchal dedicates this festival to the celebration of the brother sister relationship. It represents the tradition of this land as well as the art of making idols. This festival starts with the welcoming of the pair of birds sama-chakeva. Girls make clay idols of various birds and decorate them in their own traditional ways. Various rituals are performed and the festival joyfully ended with the ‘vidai’ of sama and with a wish that these birds return to this land the next year.

Ramnavami

A Hindu festival celebrated in all parts of the country. This is the auspicious day when lord RAMA was born. People celebrate it observing fasts and offering prayers in his honour.

Makar-Sankranti

Also known as Tila Sankranti, the festival marks the beginning of the summer season. People believe that from this day on, the days become longer and the heat of the sun also increases. Every year it is observed on the 14th of January. People celebrate it by giving offerings to the poor.

Bihula

Bihula is a prominent festival of eastern Bihar especially famous in Bhagalpur district. There are many myths related to this festival. People pray to goddess Mansa for the welfare of their family.

Madhushravani

This festival is celebrated all over mithilanchal with much enthusiasm. It is celebrated in the month of Sawan (Hindu calendar), which falls around August. This festival carries a message with itself. It teaches how to weave together religion and tradition in day-to-day life.

 Basant Panchami, Shivratri, Raksha Bandhan, Holi, Durga Puja, Deepawali, Bakrid, Christamas and many more festivals however big or small are celebrated with enthusiasm all over this landmass.

74. Dickie bird plan is also known as Plan Balkan which was mooted by Lord Mountbatten prior to his famous 3rd June plan. In dickie bird plan it was decided that instead of giving sovereignty to a common center, all the existing states [Madras, Bombay, United Provinces of Bengal, Punjab & North West Frontier etc.] be rendered free. Thus getting a large no. of sovereign territories in the country of present similar to the Balkan Peninsula where a large no of countries exist which were taken out of the original countries. Dickie bird was the pet name of Mountbatten. Thus the Mounbatten plan was called dickie bird plan.

89. Sunburn is an electronic dance music Festival held in the beach and party destination Vagator, Goa. It is considered to be Asia's largest music festival. The festival is an amalgamation of Music, Entertainment, Food, and Shopping and was ranked by CNN in 2009 as the 9th Best Festival in the World. The Festival is organized by Percept. Spread over 3 days, the festival has multiple stages with artists playing simultaneously.

Rock Ethos Launched in 2008, is an annual rock music festival which aims to promote anti-piracy. The festival’s mission also revolves around encouraging bands to present original songs instead of cover versions. Indian rock bands are allocated 45 minutes to perform their original compositions at the festival. In an attempt to recreate an international rock festival experience, Rock Ethos offers a carnival atmosphere with bungee jumping, paintball contests, and food and refreshment zones serving as added attractions

90. The Hornbill festival is a celebration held every year in the first week of December, in Nagaland, North-East India. It is also called as the 'Festival of Festival. The Hornbill Festival provides a colorful mixture of dances, performances, crafts, parades, games, sports, food fairs and religious ceremonies. The festival both exposes the culture and tradition of tribal peoples, and reinforces Nagaland’s identity as a unique state in India’s federal union. The Festival is named after the Indian Hornbill, the large and colorful forest bird which is displayed in folklore in most of the state’s tribes. Hornbill Festival is held at Naga Heritage Village, Kisama which is about 12 km from Kohima. All the tribes of Nagaland take part in this festival. The aim of the festival is to revive and protect the rich culture of Nagaland and display its extravaganza and traditions.

100. The "Berlin committee for Indian independence" was established in 1915 by Virendra Nath Chattopadhya, including Bhupendra Nath Dutt & Lala Hardayal under "Zimmerman plan" with the full backing of German foreign office. Arthur Zimmermann, the State Secretary for Foreign Affairs of the German Empire, actively supported the Berlin committee, which had links with Jatin Mukherjee— a Jugantar Party member and at the time one of the leading revolutionary figures in Bengal to fight British during World War I.

The goal of the revolutionaries under the so called Zimmermann plan was mainly to achieve the following four objectives:

1: Mobilize Indian revolutionaries abroad. 2: Incite rebellion among Indian troops stationed abroad. 3: Send volunteers and arms to India. 4: Even to Organized an armed invasion of British India to gain India's independence.

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